Sunday, July 22, 2012

Clinical Chemistry Blog Notes 15 E - Introduction to Drug Toxicology



"A drug is not bad. A drug is a chemical compound. The problem comes in when people who take drugs treat them like a license to behave like an asshole. - Frank Zappa"


Every thing that is too much is not good for our body. This also goes with the saying that all substances are poisons; there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison from a remedy. 


This is dependent on how we take the right dose of the drugs and not taking too much which can be toxic to our body.


 Here's a brief information about Toxicology :)

 
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Toxicology is the study of poisons. It is also the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms. The symptoms, mechanisms, treatments, and detection of poisoning of the people are also been studied in this field.

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What is a drug?

   Drugaccording to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act :

(1)a substance recognized in an official pharmacopoeia or formulary 
(2)a substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease 
(3)a substance other than food intended to affect the structure or function of the body 
(4)a substance intended for use as a component of a medicine but not a device or a component, part, or accessory of a device

First, let us tackle the four major disciplines in Toxicology. They are:


-This elucidates the cellular and biochemical effects of toxins
-These studies provide a basis for rational therapy design and the development of tests to assess the degree of poisoned individuals

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-Uses the results from animal experiments to predict what level of exposure will cause harm in humans
-This process is called "Risk Assessment"


-Primarily concerned with the medico-legal consequences of toxin exposure
-Major focus is establishing and validating the analytic performance of the methods used to generate evidence in legal situations, including the cause of death

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-Study of interrelationships between toxin exposure and disease states
-Emphasizes not only diagnostic testing but also therapeutic intervention

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How does this toxins enter our body?



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Specific Agents

Types

Effect
      Alcohol

Ethanol

- most common type of  alcohol exposure.

- One of the top 10 leading causes of hospital admissions, about 20%.

-  Pregnancy: caused
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

     Methanol

  - common solvent

- Severe acidosis due to conversion of formaldehyde to formic acid.

- Death.

-FormicAcid: Optic neuropathy leads to blindness.

 Isopropanol

 - Rubbing alcohol
- Commonly available

-Metabolic Acidosis due to metabolism of ethylene glycol (1,2 - ethanediol) by ADH and ALDH forming toxins such as oxalic acid and glycolic acid.

-High level of consumption leads to crystalformation (Calcium oxalate)
Renal Tubular Damage

Carbon
    Monoxide

Carboxyhemoglobin  (COHb)

 - CO binds to Hb making up a 0.1% CO that equals to 50% COHb at equilibrium.

-Hypoxia

- High oxygen demand in brain and heart.


For additional information, click this link and it will show the list of prohibited drugs: http://www.cbc.ca/sports/indepth/drugs/glossary/classes-popup.html

We must keep in mind that though drugs are beneficial in treating different diseases, the abuse of these are very risky and can even cause death if not used correctly. Hope you learned from my blog! Till my next post. God bless! :)


REFERENCES:

Clinical Chemistry: Techniques, Principles, Correlations, 6th Edition by Michael L. Bishop, et.al

1 comment:

  1. Great post. Personal touch is always good. K.I.U.

    ReplyDelete